In North America, Native Americans used shells, wood, turquoise, and soapstone, almost unavailable in South and Central America. The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be positioned in earrings. The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued most of the methods of the Romans, although spiritual themes came to predominate. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, nonetheless, Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf somewhat than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewelry was worn by wealthier females, with male jewelry apparently restricted to signet rings.

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